Pdf the productivity and efficiency of the drill and blast method have been. The method of tunnel construction depends on such factors as the ground conditions, the ground water conditions, the length and diameter of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel, the final use and shape of the tunnel. Blow joes or similartype recirculating devices do not meet this requirement. Table 1 shows the predicted advance per blasted round for two possible blasthole diameters and. Tunnel construction methods and tunnel construction projects in hong kong. The rock hardness is estimated and transferred to a pdf map. The integrated delivery of a major urban tunnelling. Potential environmental impacts that could result from its construction, as well as mitigation measures to lessen their effects, are discussed in subsequent technical chapters. Like trenchless construction and horizontal directional drilling, drill and blast tunneling is a form of subsurface construction. This book covers the whole range of areas that you need to know in order to embark upon a career in tunnelling.
Conventional drill and blast excavation has a great advantage over tbm. It is used when the tunnels are in rock and involves the. Construction work carried out in or near a tunnel or associated excavation is high risk construction work under the whs regulations. The result of rock blasting is often known as a rock cut. It was given its name in salzburg in 1962 to distinguish it from old austrian tunnelling approach. This book seeks to provide an introduction to tunnel construction for people who have little experience of the subject. Such round lengths for the drilling and blasting would deliver excellent tunnelling rates that would minimise the construction time of the tunnel. The new austrian tunneling method, the worlds most widely used underground construction method, partially owes its success to the technical breakthroughs in shotcrete technology over recent years. Activities involved in construction of a tunnel survey. Furthermore, it is the first large crosssection subsea tunnel in china, which is constructed with drill and blasting method. Since then, design and construction technologies have made more progress. Methods of correcting the creep questions 5 chapter 6 sleepers 61.
Introduction this chapter describes the construction process for the second avenue subway. National cooperative highway research program april 2011. Drill and blast method is mostly used method for the excavation throughout the world. Tunnel lining assembled by precast segments tunnel boring construction method what is a tbm. It is a complex process, which requires a firm understanding of the ground conditions as well as structural issues. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods a tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal.
Construction technique of longspan shallowburied tunnel. By taking the reader through a brief introduction and history to a comprehensive discussion of how the geological factors affect tunneling, the author covers the stages and technology that are common today without using. Furthermore, the simulation runs have estimated the total tunnel development times for the specified development lengths. Tunnelling provides a robust solution to a variety of engineering challenges. A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soilearthrock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. It involves drilling charge holes advancing into rocks and using explosives to blast the rocks. Approximately 20 years ago, the japanese mountain tunneling method was changed when it adopted the use ofsupports which combine shotcrete and rock bolts, or in some cases, steel supports. Hence, it is quite difficult to explain the reasons for scheduled delay and cost overruns in these processes. Models for the analysis of tunnelling construction processes. Construction project management for highway tunnels.
Pdf on jan 1, 2000, ozgur satici and others published drilling and blasting as a tunnel. Study on the optimization method for the deformation prediction of tunnel construction on. The aim was to seek a connection between the behaviour of the faceadvance core system extrusion and preconvergence and that of the cavity convergence. Reducing risk in long deep tunnels by using tbm and drillandblast. New austrian tunneling method natm the new austrian tunneling method natm was developed between 1957 and 1965 in austria.
Drill and blast is one of the most widely used tunneling methods. Drilling and blasting is the controlled use of explosives and other methods such as gas pressure blasting pyrotechnics, to break rock for excavation. Drill and blast tunnelling handbook of tunnel engineering wiley. Tunnel construction methods and their comparison mining. Tunnelling machines for partial face roadheader are also used for rock excavation. Conventional drill and blast excavation has a great. The broad coverage found in the tunnel engineering handbook enables engineers to address such critical questions as how tunnels are planned and laid out, how the design of tunnels depends on site and ground conditions, and which types of tunnels and construction. Different methods of tunnel construction and their details. Practical tunnel construction is an important resource for students, construction managers, tunnel designers, municipal engineers, or engineers who are employed by government agencies or corporations that are exploring the feasibility of planning and designing or building a tunnel. Firstly, optimal comparisons of the effect of different sequence of pilottunnel excavation on the ground settlement were implemented by the numerical analysis. Drill and blast tunneling practices ctt consulting gmbh. Description of construction methods and activities a. Mechanical excavation and drilling and blasting springerlink.
Underground construction in 2030 free above ground space for the use of the citizens. In this paper, the two wellrecognized methods, conventional drill and blast. Drilling and blasting an overview sciencedirect topics. This book aims at presenting the topics of railway, bridge and tunnel engineering written in a. Tunnel construction methods and tunnel construction.
For example, the specific charge at tunneling is 310 times higher than at bench blasting, depending on borehole deviation, tight holes, lift of the fragments, and the fact that many holes do not interact in the same blast 1,2. Design and construction ofmountain tunnels in japan. It also applies to cutandcover excavations connected to ongoing underground construction as well as those that create conditions characteristic of underground construction. The standard method for blasting rocks was to drill a hole to a considerable. Offers clear and accessible coverage of the state of the art in tunnel construction introduces the essentials of design and construction of many types of tunnels, including tbm, epb, roadheader, natm, drill and blast, and soft ground tunneling provides nontechnical guidance on selecting the most appropriate. After discussing the processes of drilling, blasting and mucking, and highlighting the effects of blasting on the surroundings. Highperformance drill and blast methods for tunnel construction require that each of the individual working elements that constitute the construction process are optimized and considered as a system of sequential and parallel activities. The publication safety in norwegian drill and blast tunnelling is part of a. Best practices for roadway tunnel design, construction, maintenance, inspection, and operations.
Compared with bored tunneling by tunnel boring machine, blasting generally results in higher duration of vibration levels. Mechanical excavation and drilling and blastinga comparison. The total labor cost for drill and blast tunneling is high, but the total investment cost is less as. Introduction to tunnel construction tunnelling provides a robust solution to a variety of engineering challenges. Tunnel form construction technique was invented over 50 years ago. Engineers, construction contractors, and other professionals involved in driven tunnel projects will gain insight into the stateoftheart of tunnel construction, learn about the effects of geotechnical conditions on tunneling, and be able to choose the best tunneling method for a given situation, whether tbm, epb, roadheader, natm, drill. Pdf drilling and blasting as a tunnel excavation method. Tunnel formwork come in half units and in the form of an inverted l. Tunnel form construction technique and process for structures.
Vibration velocity induced by cd method to the underlying tunnel axis is only 28%. Highperformance drill and blast methods for tunnel construction require that each of the individual working elements that constitute the construction. Further, the drill and blast method is characterized by a short mobilization time requirement due to the use of standard equipment. Pipejacking is a special application, in which the tunnel lining is continuously pushed by heavy hydraulic jacks as the tunnel advances.
Reducing risk in long deep tunnels by using tbm and drill. The construction will go through the most unfavorable strata and the most difficult construction was found in the latter half year. This tunneling method involves the use of explosives. For the drill and blast method, the study shows increased performance for two simultaneously drilled tunnels when compared with a single one. Drill and blast tunneling practices gerhard girmscheid1 and cliff schexnayder, f. The drill and blast method is the most widely used technique for rock excavation in tunnelling and underground projects. Adecors the design and construction of tunnels using the. The choice of tunnelling method may be dictated by. Tunnelling is an exciting subject and is unlike any other form of construction, as the ground surrounding the tunnel is an integral part of the final structure and plays a pivotal role in its stability. Introduction to tunnel construction david chapman, nicole metje.
The method can be used in all types of rocks and the initial cost is lower than the mechanical method like tbm. Seikan tunnel, have been successfully constructed with advanced technologies. Tunnelling in rocks present technology and future challenges zhao jian. Drill and blast tunneling practices ctt consulting. The method of tunnel construction depends on such factors as the ground conditions, the ground water conditions, the length and diameter of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel, the logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation, the final use and shape of the tunnel. A summary of environmental merits and demerits associated with these methods are also given. The whole section of the tunnel is excavated at once. Handbook of tunnel engineering, volume i structures and methods. It involves cutting rock by a full face boring machines. Bored tunnelling is a method used for long stretches of tunnel.
Other key terms used in this guide are defined at appendix b. Pdf progress of drill and blast tunnelling efficiency with relation to. They involve many variables which interact with each other and the resourced used. In drill and blast tunnelling, clearance of the muck lies on the critical path, which means that each minute saved here shortens the round cycle and thus the overall construction time. Known as natm, this system of tunnel engineering is more a set of principles or a philosophy than a prescriptive, technical method. The west island line tunnel between sai ying pun and kennedy town is constructed with the drill and blast method. It also includes a number of case studies of real tunnel projects, to demonstrate. Analysis, design, and construction of tunnels and underground structures. National seminar on construction industry inspiring through practice 154 construction of tunnel by conventional method in bhutan ugyen gyeltshen, general manager, hydropower construction division, cdcl abstract all large hydropower projects in bhutan constructed and those under construction have the components of underground excavation works. Construction project management for highway tunnels dr d. Section 23tunnel and shaft construction october 2009 235 the tunnel face or shaft bottom during all portions of the excavation cycle. Effect of rock mass quality on construction time in a road tunnel. The osha underground construction regulation 29 cfr 1926. The information contained in this report was prepared as part of nchrp project 20 68a u.
Modern rock tunnels are excavated by primarily two methods. It is practiced most often in mining, quarrying and civil engineering such as dam, tunnel or road construction. The majority of the northern tunnel therefore had to be excavated by drillandblast, also with great difficulties at times, including a 7 000 m 3 inrush of clay, rock and water that buried a tunnel worker and excavation equipment, moving the tunnel face backwards by about 100 m. At frontierkemper we are skilled at conventional drillandblast excavation as well as the shotcrete method also known as the sequential excavation method or new austrian tunneling method highway tunnels are often. The integrated delivery of a major urban tunnelling project. Drilling and blasting as a tunnel excavation method. The only modern guide to all aspects of practical tunnel construction practical tunnel construction fills a void in the literature for a practical guide to tunnel construction. Numerical evaluation on dynamic response of existing. Traditionally, atbmwillbenamedafter lady tunnel boring.
Norwegian tunnelling technology norsk forening for. Microtunneling is a special application of pipejacking in nomanentry sized tunnels. Drill and blast tunneling is a method of excavation involving the controlled use of explosives to break rock. Compared with tbm technology, the performance rate of advance for drill and blast excavation is lower in most cases. Drillandblast tunneling, inevitably involving numerous. Conventional drifting or tunneling by drilling and blasting method requires a much higher specific charge than ordinary production blasting such as bench blasting. Drillandblast method would cause different extent of vibration to underlying tunnel depending on specific method and distance between blasting source and object tunnel. A tunnel boring machine tbm is used to drive and cut through the rock the waste. Tunnel construction can be performed as one step at its full. Mining in minnesota cut and fill mining method 3d animation duration. It was the primary means of tunneling through rock prior to the advent of tunnel boring machines. Construction technique considering the optimal sequence of pilottunnel excavation was investigated in order to ensure the safety of construction process of longspan shallowburied tunnel. Handbook of tunnel engineering, volume i structures and.
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